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	<title>ASCII Arhive - Oblakoder</title>
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	<title>ASCII Arhive - Oblakoder</title>
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		<title>Odnos računara i umetnika na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije</title>
		<link>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/odnos-racunara-i-umetnika-na-prostorima-bivse-jugoslavije/</link>
					<comments>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/odnos-racunara-i-umetnika-na-prostorima-bivse-jugoslavije/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marija Todorović]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Sep 2023 11:55:12 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IT History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ASCII]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gordana novaković]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[it history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[jugoslavija]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[KC REX]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[miša savić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[net.art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nove tendencije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tomislav mikulić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[umetnost]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vilko žiljak]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vlatko čerić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vuk ćosić]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/?p=91544</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Kako je pojava računara menjala umetničku scenu na našim prostorima</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/odnos-racunara-i-umetnika-na-prostorima-bivse-jugoslavije/">Odnos računara i umetnika na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
]]></description>
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<p>Vizuelni umetnici na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije nakon pojave kompjutera počinju da istražuju nove umetničke prakse. Sa razvojem računara i širenjem njihove dostupnosti, pojavljuju se centri u kojima umetnici u okviru različiith kurseva, zajedno sa informatičarima, počinju da uče i usavršavaju upotrebu kompjutera kako bi stvorili umetnička dela. Autori rane digitalne umetnosti retko su bili bili obrazovani umetnici, već naučnici ili inženjeri. U ranoj digitalnoj umetnosti, osim pristupa opremi, izazov je predstavljalo i znanje u oblasti &#8211; tada nisu postojali komercijalni programi za obradu slike i zvuka, koji su se pojavili tek sredinom 1980-ih. Radovi su uglavnom nastajali u slobodno vreme umetnika, van njihovih redovnih poslova. Danas su takvi multimedijalni programi izrazito lako dostupni, a poneki i besplatni ili otvorenog koda, koji korisnici mogu slobodno menjati, te je izrazito teško zamisliti kako je izgledalo stvarnje digitalne umetnosti od šezdesetih godina dvadesetog veka do početka novog milenijuma.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Nove tendencije</em> – prvi pokušaj mapiranja primene digitalnih tehnologija u umetnosti u Hrvatskoj od 1968. do 1984.</strong></h2>



<p>U Zagrebu je 3. avgusta 1968. godine otvorena izložba kompjutera i vizualnih istraživanja, kao početak međunarodne manifestacije <em>Tendencije 4</em> (1968–1969), gde su prvi put izloženi digitalni radovi hrvatskih umetnika. Među istaknutijim imenima našli su se Vladimir Bonačić, Vlatko Čerić i Vilko Žiljak, koji su po struci bili fizičari, Andrija Mutnjaković i Velimir Neidhardt &#8211; arhitekte koji su upotrebljavali digitalne tehnologije u arhitekturi i urbanizmu 1960-ih i 1970-ih, dok su Tomislav Mikulić i Miljenko Horvat među retkima koji su bili umetnički obrazovani.</p>
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<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/tendencije-4-1969-plakat_dizajn-Ivan-Picelj-97-x-495-cm.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-93978" width="763" height="1497"/></figure></div>
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<h6 class="ticss-aa6b8185 wp-block-heading">Tendencije 4,&nbsp;1969., plakat, dizajn Ivan Picelj</h6>



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<p>Prvi umetnički digitalni radovi nastajali su, uglavnom, u institucijama, s obzirom na to da su tamo bili dostupni i prvi računari, pre nego što je krenula lična upotreba računara koji su, kasnije, bili dostupni i za ličnu upotrebu. Ovaj problem uvideli su organizatori <em>Novih tendencija, </em>pa je tadašnja nagrada za sekciju izložbe <em>Kompjuteri i vizualna istraživanja</em> 1969. godine, bila mogućnost da umetnici koriste kompjuter u Zagrebu kako bi stvorili umetničko delo, kao i organizacija i produkcija kreiranog rada. Tek od 1972. digitalna tehnologija je dostupna i široj javnosti u Multimedijskom centru Referalnog centra Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (MMC).</p>



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<p>Vremenom, centar je uspeo da omogući pristup HP2000E <em>time-sharing</em> računaru, zahvaljujući naporima inženjera Branimira Makanca. Ovim je omogućeno informatičko obrazovanje profesora i učenika srednjih škola i omogućen je rad na daljinu putem modema i telefonskog signala, a svi zainteresovani mogli su da dođu u MMC svakog radnog dana od 8 do 20 sati i da koriste računar besplatno. U MMC su, osim inženjera i zainteresovanih polaznika koji su se bavili softverom i hardverom, počeli da dolaze i da se interesuju i umetnici i kreativci među kojima su likovni umetnik Tomislav Mikulić, koji je tu stvorio prve digitalne animacije u Hrvatskoj, multimedijalni umetnik Vladimir Petek, informatičar Goran Premec, koji je 1980-ih razvio niz digitalnih multimedijalnih sistema kojima su se koristili umetnici i koji je jedan od 5 autora koji su učestvovali u projektu <em><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Katedrala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Katedrala</a></em>, koji nije prezentovao umetničke objekte nego je bio jedan od prvih interaktivnih računarski generisanih prostora u svetu, koji je održan u Galeriji PM u Zagrebu 1988. godine. U MMC-u je inženjer elektrotehnike Damir Boras prema idejama arhitekte Velimira Neidhardta iz Urbanističkog instituta Hrvatske 1977. razvio URBAN, prvi računarski jezik za potrebe urbanističkog i prostornog planiranja u Hrvatskoj.</p>



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<p>U periodu od 1968. do 1984, digitalne tehnologije su se ubrzano menjale, računarska oprema je međusobno bila nekompatibilna, a razni adapteri nedostupni, pa su autori pravili i tehnički izvodili hibridne sisteme.</p>



<p>U doba <em>mainframe</em> računara slike su se prikazivale na malom monohromnom ekranu osciloskopa. Krajem 1960-ih Vladimir Bonačić svoje je prve vizualne radove napravio osciloskopom. Osciloskop je omogućio prikaz vektorskih crteža, dakle crteža linijom, a ne slika koje nastaju pikselima. Osim prikaza na osciloskopu, vektorski su se crteži digitalnim tehnologijama mogli trajno ispisati ploterima. Fotografije ili slike s polutonovima (digitalno sačinjene od piksela) mogle su se ispisati preko linijskih pisača, pisaćih strojeva spojenih na računare, no na specifičan i ograničen način. Linijskim pisačima su domišljati kreativci ispisivali slike slovima, tzv. ASCII slikama: polutonovi digitalno obrađenih fotografija ili računarski generisanih slika ispisani su odabranim slovom ili simbolom s linijskog pisača. Tom tehnologijom služili su se u svojim prvim digitalnim slikama početkom 1970-ih Vilko Žiljak i Vlatko Čerić.</p>



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<h6 class="ticss-a3c764d4 wp-block-heading">Vilko Žiljak</h6>



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<h6 class="ticss-a3c764d4 wp-block-heading">Vlatko Čerić</h6>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Kompjuterska umetnost</em>&nbsp;– prva izložba računarske umetnosti u Srbiji</strong></h2>



<p><em>Kompjuterska umetnost</em> je verovatno prva grupna izložba te vrste na ovim prostorima posle „Novih tendencija“, i otvorena je u maju 1991. godine u galeriji ULUS. Na izložbi su predstavljeni radovi nastali tokom osamdesetih godina i sve je postavljeno pomoću sopstvene opreme umetnika. Izložba je sadržala različite pristupe kompjuterskoj tehnologiji, koncerte kompjuterske muzike uživo i različite događaje sa autorima iz Slovenije i Srbije. Cilj je, po rečima umetnice Gordane Novaković koja je bila jedna od organizatorki izložbe, bio da računar bude predstavljen kao umetnički alat i medij. Ubrzo je osnovana i jugoslovenska <em>Asocijacija umetnika elektronskih medija</em> (AUEM), u čijem osnivanju je učestvovalo osamnaest umetnika. Nakon samo mesec dana, počeo je rat i raspad Jugoslavije i, samim tim, Asocijacija nikada nije zaživela. Većina osnivača AUEM su danas akademici među kojima su i dr Miško Šuvaković, profesor Čedomir Vasić i profesor Vladan Radovanović, koji su, kroz svoju umetničku praksu i teoriju, nastavili da doprinose oblasti kompjuterske umetnosti.</p>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Miša Savić, Glas Anđela (1991)</h6>



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<p>Miša Savić, Glas anđela, audio-vizuelni rad iz oblasti kompjuterske grafike i zvučne sinteze, odnosno, sonifikacije, predstavljen na izložbi Kompjuterska umetnost u okviru stalne postavke. Kako se navodi u katalogu: „odnos između slike i zvuka ostvaren je prema načelu da boje na freskama odgovaraju muzičkim intervalima. Kao vizuelni predložak initialis korišćena je freska „Anđeo na grobu Hristovom“ („Beli Anđeo“).“</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Kratka istorija elektronske umetnosti – </em>simpozijum koji je 1998. okupio vodeće digitalne umetnike sa prostora Jugoslavije</strong></h2>



<p>Sa ciljem da se inicira osnivanje nacionalne kolekcije i arhive jugoslovenske novomedijske prakse, u junu 1998. godine u Kulturnom centru Rex u Beogradu, umetnici Miroslav Miša Savić i Gordana Novaković su organizovali simpozijum pod nazivom „Kratka istorija elektronske umetnosti“ koji je okupio vodeće digitalne umetnike sa ovih prostora. Na simpozijum su pozvani svi osnivači pomenute AUEM asocijacije sa ciljem da predstave svoje ranije, ali i trenutne radove. Prvi deo naslova simpozijuma ukazivao je na potrebu da se otpočne program istorijskog istraživanja u ovoj oblasti. Nažalost, usled ratnih sukoba koji ni tada nisu jenjavali, tadašnja situacija u Srbiji i regionu nije pružala uslove za dalji razvoj ove inicijative.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>NET.ART- </em>razvoj novog umetničkog pokreta<em>&nbsp;</em></strong></h2>



<p><em>net.art</em> je umetnički pokret koji se razvio 1994. godine. Ono što je za njega karakteristično je da su umetnici koristili isključivo Internet kao medijum za stvaranje umetničkog rada i da je njegova produkcija jedino moguća putem Interneta. Neki od pinora ove umetničke prakse su kolektiv Jodi.org, Aleksej Šulgin, Olija Lijalina, Hit Bunting, Danijel Garsija Anduhar, Rejčel Bejker, ali među njima i slovenački umetnik Vuk Ćosić.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić Bang</h6>
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<p>Ćosić je posebnu pažnju posvetio mogućnostima ASCII koda (američki standardni kod za razmenu informacija) i pretvarao slike, filmove, pa čak i zvukove u ovaj računarski kod. Napravio je sopstveni softver za pretvaranje piksela iz nepokretnih i pokretnih slika u ASCII, eksperimentisao je i sa zvukom i pokretima kamere koji se transkribuju kroz ASCII. U svom radu neretko je kao inspiraciju koristio poznata dela pop kulture, kao što je Vorholova Kembelova supa, kao i cele scene iz filmova kao što su Hičkokov psiho i kultni porno film iz 1972. <em>Duboko grlo</em> koje je reinterpretirao kroz ASCII kod.</p>
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<p>Svoje projekte je razvijao i u okviru umetničke grupe <em>ASCII Art Ensamble </em>zajedno sa Valterom van der Krujzenom i Lukom Frelihom. Jedan od zajedničkih projekata ove grupe bila je serija video snimaka odabranih kultnih filmova predstavljenih u ASCII kodu, koji su nosili naziv <em>ASCII History of Moving Images</em>.</p>



<p>Ćosić danas živi u Ljubljani, gde je i dalje aktivan u istraživanju ukrštanja umetnosti i tehnologije. Suosnivač je <a href="https://wiki.ljudmila.org/Naslovnica" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ljudmile</a>, laboratorije za digitalne medije otvorenog pristupa koja ima za cilj da poveže umetnike i nevladine organizacije sa novim medijima i tehnologijom. Ljudmila, takođe, vodi platformu otvorenog koda za distribuciju besplatnog umetničkog i kulturnog sadržaja.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Rex</em> – glavno uporište digitalnih umetnika tokom devedesetih</strong></h2>



<p>Kulturni centar Rex je tokom devedesetih godina bio važno uporište za različite kreativce. Bio je opremljen računarima, kojima su mogli da se služe svi posetioci potpuno besplatno bez ikakvih obaveza. Tako je započela digitalna era u ovom prostoru kroz koji su prošli različiti umetnici koji su počeli da svoja dela stvaraju uz pomoć računara.</p>



<p>Prvi radioničarski opus u okviru ovog prostora se zvao <em>Demo scena</em>. Iako tada imanje sajta još uvek nije bila razvijena praksa, Reks je imao svoj, gde je kačio radove i novosti sa ovog kursa. U oktobru 1998. godine otvorena je digitalna laboratorija u Rexu – Cyberex u okviru kog su postojali različiti programi među kojima su istaknutiji program Update i Cyber škola u okviru kojih su bili različiti kursevi i kraći seminari gde su polaznici učili kako se koriste određeni programi. U okviru Rex-a isticiala se i grupa <em>Corrosion</em>, koja se pretežno bavila audio i video sadržajem i držala različite radionice na tu temu i iz koje je kasnije proizišao kolektiv Kosmoplovci.</p>



<p>Mala i velika Cyber škola &#8211; mladi YU vizuelni umetnici su edukativni programi organizovani tokom 2000. kao dvonedeljni seminari za sticanje osnovnih znanja o računarima, Internetu i kreiranju web prezentacija za umetnike, art menadžere, studente Univerziteta umetnosti, članove različitih nevladinih organizacija i kraći seminari (3-5 dana) koji su onima koji poseduju osnovna znanja omogućavali dalje unapređivanje i aktivnije korišćenje i primenu novih medija (npr. Photoshop, Dreamweaver, HTML, REALaudio, Streaming media, Macromedia Flash, Linux). Ovi seminari imali su svoj nastavak u realizaciji konkretnog projekta grupe koja ih je pohađala.</p>
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<p>Rex je 2000. godine izbačen iz prostora i zaplenjena je cela oprema i tokom te godine sve što se dešavalo je postojalo samo online. Naredne, 2001. godine, vratili su prostor i većinski deo opreme, a Rex je krenuo da radi kao kulturni centar.</p>



<p>Društveno politička dešavanja su u velikoj meri usmeravala pravac kretanja umetničkog stvarlaštva na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije, posebno tokom devedesetih godina, kada je došlo i do raspada bivše države. Ipak, nezanemarljivi su napori umetnika da se, uprkos aktuelnim dešavanjima i sukobima između država, istaknu u svojoj inovativnosti i nameri da isprate tehnološke tendenicije i pokažu da računar može biti korišćen i kao medij za kreiranje umetnosti. Kroz rad sa kompjuterima, umetnici su eksperimentisali sa algoritmima, kodiranjem i vizuelizacijom podataka, čime su stvarali novi&nbsp; jedinstven pristup umetnosti, ali i nov način komunikacije sa publikom. Time su velikoj meri, utabali put za kasnije razumevanje računarske umetnosti i njeno dalje razvijanje.</p>
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<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>Reference:</strong><br>Art Practice in a Digital Culture, poglavlje The Garden of Hybrid Delights, Gordana Novaković <br>Internet i umetnost na prostoru Srbije 1996-2013 – Odlike umetničkih diskursa na polju Interneta u Srbiji, Vera Mevorah <br><a href="http://www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/</a> <br><a href="https://rex.fondb92.org/sr/naslovna.1.188.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rex.fondb92.org/sr/naslovna.1.188.html</a> <br><a href="https://digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/hr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/hr</a> </p>



<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>Naslovna ilustracija:</strong> Vilko Žiljak</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/odnos-racunara-i-umetnika-na-prostorima-bivse-jugoslavije/">Odnos računara i umetnika na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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		<title>The relationship between computers and artists in the former Yugoslavia</title>
		<link>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/the-relationship-between-computers-and-artists-in-the-former-yugoslavia/</link>
					<comments>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/the-relationship-between-computers-and-artists-in-the-former-yugoslavia/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marija Todorović]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Sep 2023 11:50:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IT History ENG]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ASCII]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[computer art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[digital art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gordana novaković]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[it history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[miša savić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[new tendencies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tomislav mikulić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vilko žiljak]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vlatko čerić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vuk ćosić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[yugoslavia]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/?p=91678</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>How the advent of computers changed the art scene in the region</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/the-relationship-between-computers-and-artists-in-the-former-yugoslavia/">The relationship between computers and artists in the former Yugoslavia</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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<p>After the advent of computers, visual artists in the former Yugoslavia began to explore new artistic practices. With the development of computers and the expansion of their availability, centers emerged where artists, alongside computer scientists, began to learn and perfect the use of computers to create works of art in various courses. The authors of early digital art were rarely educated artists, they were scientists or engineers. In early digital art, in addition to accessing equipment, the challenge was acquiring the knowledge in this field – there were no commercial image and sound manipulation programs, they appeared in the mid-1980s. The works were mostly created in the artist&#8217;s free time, outside of their regular jobs. Today, such multimedia programs are very easily accessible, and some are free or open source, which means that users can freely edit them, and it is extremely difficult to imagine what the creation of digital art looked like from the 1960s to the beginning of the new millennium.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>New tendencies – the first attempt to map the application of digital technologies in art in Croatia from 1968 to 1984</strong></h2>



<p>On August 3, 1968, an exhibition of computers and visual research was opened in Zagreb, as the beginning of the international event Tendencies 4 (1968–1969), where digital works of Croatian artists were exhibited for the first time. Among the most prominent names were Vladimir Bonačić, Vlatko Čerić and Vilko Žiljak, who were physicists by profession, Andrija Mutnjaković and Velimir Neidhardt – architects who used digital technologies in architecture and urbanism in the 1960s and 1970s, while Tomislav Mikulić and Miljenko Horvat were among the few who were artistically educated.</p>
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<h6 class="ticss-7c56e45e wp-block-heading">Tendencije 4,&nbsp;1969., poster, design Ivan Picelj</h6>



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<p>The first digital artworks were created, mostly, in institutions, since the first computers were available there, before the personal use of computers began, when they became available at home. This problem was recognized by the organizers of New Tendencies, so the award for the Computers and Visual Research section of the exhibition in 1969 was the possibility for artists to use a computer in Zagreb to create a work of art, as well as the organization and production of the created work. It wasn’t until 1972 that digital technology became available to the general public in the Multimedia Center of the Referral Center of the University of Zagreb (MMC).</p>



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<p>Over time, the center was able to provide access to the HP2000E time-sharing computer, thanks to the efforts of engineer Branimir Makanec. This enabled IT education of teachers and high school students as well as remote work via modems and telephone signals, and all the interested parties could come to MMC every working day from 8 am to 8 pm and use the computer free of charge. In addition to engineers and interested students who worked with software and hardware, MMC began to attract artists and creatives, including the visual artist Tomislav Mikulić, who created the first digital animations in Croatia, multimedia artist Vladimir Petek, computer scientist Goran Premec. The latter developed a series of digital multimedia systems used by artists in the 1980s and was one of the 5 authors who participated in <a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Katedrala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Cathedral project</a> held in the PM Gallery in Zagreb in 1988, which did not present any works of art but was one of the first interactive computer-generated spaces in the world. At MMC, electrical engineer Damir Boras, according to the ideas of architect Velimir Neidhardt from the Urban Planning Institute of Croatia, developed URBAN, the first computer language for urban and spatial planning in Croatia, in 1977.</p>



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<p>In the period from 1968 to 1984, digital technologies were rapidly changing, computer equipment was mutually incompatible, and various adapters were unavailable, so the authors designed and produced hybrid systems.</p>



<p>In the age of mainframe computers, images were displayed on a small monochrome screen of an oscilloscope. In the late 1960s, Vladimir Bonačić created his first visual works using an oscilloscope. The oscilloscope made it possible to display vector drawings, i.e. drawings using lines, rather than images created by pixels. In addition to the display on the oscilloscope, vector drawings could be permanently printed using digital technologies and plotters. Photos or images with halftones (digitally made of pixels) could be printed via line printers, typewriters connected to computers, but in a specific and limited way. Line printers were used by ingenious creatives to print images with letters, the so-called ASCII images: halftones of digitally processed photographs or computer-generated images were printed with a selected letter or symbol from a line printer. This technology was used by Vilko Žiljak and Vlatko Čerić in their first digital images in the early 1970s.</p>



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<h6 class="ticss-de407b60 wp-block-heading">Vilko Žiljak</h6>



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<h6 class="ticss-de407b60 wp-block-heading">Vlatko Čerić</h6>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Computer Art – the first computer art exhibition in Serbia</strong></h2>



<p>Computer Art is probably the first group exhibition of its kind in the region after &#8220;New Tendencies&#8221;, and was opened in May 1991 at the ULUS Gallery. The exhibition presented works created during the 1980s and everything was set up using the artists’ own equipment. The exhibition featured different approaches to computer technology, live computer music concerts and various events with artists from Slovenia and Serbia. The goal, according to the artist Gordana Novaković, who was one of the organizers of the exhibition, was to present the computer as an artistic tool and medium. Soon the Yugoslav Association of Electronic Media Artists (AUEM) was founded, in which eighteen artists participated. After only a month, the war and breakup of Yugoslavia began and, therefore, the Association never really took off. Most of the founders of AUEM are academics today, including Dr. Miško Suvaković, Professor Čedomir Vasić and Professor Vladan Radovanović, who, through their artistic practice and theory, continued to contribute to the field of computer art.</p>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Miša Savić, The Voice of an Angel (1991)</h6>



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<p id="tw-target-text">Miša Savić, The Voice of an Angel, an audio-visual work in the field of computer graphics and sound synthesis, that is, sonification, presented at the Computer Art exhibition as part of the permanent exhibition. As stated in the catalog: &#8220;the relationship between image and sound was realized according to the principle that the colors on the frescoes correspond to musical intervals.&#8221; The fresco &#8220;Angel at the Tomb of Christ&#8221; („Beli Anđeo“) was used as a visual template for the initialis.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>A short history of electronic art – a symposium that brought together leading digital artists from Yugoslavia in 1998</strong></h2>



<p>With the aim to initiate the establishment of the national collection and archive of Yugoslav new media practice, in June 1998 at the Cultural Center Rex in Belgrade, artists Miroslav Miša Savić and Gordana Novaković organized a symposium entitled &#8220;A Brief History of Electronic Art&#8221; which brought together leading digital artists from the region. All the founders of the aforementioned AUEM association were invited to the symposium with the aim of presenting their earlier, but also their current works. The first part of the title of the symposium indicated the need to start a program of historical research in this field. Unfortunately, due to the war conflicts that did not subside even then, the situation in Serbia and the region at the time did not provide conditions for further development of this initiative.</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>NET. ART – the development of a new artistic movement</strong></h2>



<p>net.art is an art movement that developed in 1994. The distinctive characteristic of this movement was that artists exclusively used the Internet as a medium for creating artistic work and that its production was only possible via the Internet. Some of the pioneers of this artistic practice are the collective Jodi.org, Alexei Shulgin, Olia Lialina, Heath Bunting, Daniel Garcia Andujar, Rachel Baker, as well as the Slovenian artist Vuk Ćosić.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić Bang</h6>
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<p>Ćosić paid special attention to the possibilities of ASCII code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and converted images, movies and even sounds into this computer code. He created his own software to convert pixels from stationary and moving images into ASCII, experimenting with both sound and camera movements transcribed through ASCII. In his work, he often used famous pop culture works, such as Warhol&#8217;s Campbell Soup, as well as entire scenes from films such as Hitchcock&#8217;s Psycho and the cult porn film from 1972, Deep throat, that he reinterpreted through ASCII code.</p>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić Psychodada</h6>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić Raging Bull</h6>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić War in YU</h6>



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<p>He also developed his projects within the ASCII Art Ensamble art group together with Walter van der Cruijsen and Luka Frelih. One of the group&#8217;s joint projects was a series of videos of selected cult films presented in the ASCII code, which were titled ASCII History of Moving Images.</p>



<p>Today, Ćosić lives in Ljubljana, where he is still active in exploring the intersection of art and technology. He co-founded <a href="https://wiki.ljudmila.org/Naslovnica" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ljudmila</a>, an open access digital media lab that aims to connect artists and NGOs with new media and technology. Ljudmila also runs an open source platform for the distribution of free artistic and cultural content.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Rex – the mainstay of digital artists during the 1990s</strong></h2>



<p>During the 1990s, the Rex cultural center was an important place for various creatives. It was equipped with computers, which could be used by all visitors completely free of charge without any obligation. Thus began the digital era in this space that saw various fledgling artists create their first works with the help of computers.</p>



<p>The first workshop opus in this space was dubbed the Demo scene. Although having a website was far from common at the time, Rex had its own, where they posted works and news from this course. In October 1998, a digital laboratory was opened in Rex – Cyberex, within which there were various programs, including the more prominent Update and Cyber School programs, which included various courses and short seminars where participants learned how to use certain programs. Within Rex, the group Corrosion stood out, which mainly dealt with audio and video content and held various workshops on the subject and from which the “Kosmoplovci” collective later emerged.</p>



<p>Little and Big Cyber School – Young YU Visual Artists were educational programs organized during the year 2000 as two-week seminars for acquiring basic knowledge of computers, the Internet and creating web presentations for artists, art managers, students of the University of Arts, members of various Non-governmental organizations, as well as short seminars (3-5 days) that enabled those who possess basic knowledge to further improve and actively use and apply new media (e.g. Photoshop, Dreamweaver, HTML, REALaudio, Streaming media, Macromedia Flash, Linux). These seminars had their continuation in the realization of a specific project of the group that attended them.</p>
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<p>In 2000, Rex was evicted and all the equipment was confiscated. During that year, all the events existed only online. The following year, in 2001, they returned to the premises and recovered most of the equipment, and Rex started working as a cultural center.</p>



<p>Sociopolitical events largely directed artistic creation in the former Yugoslavia, especially during the 1990s, when the country collapsed. Despite the events at the time and conflicts between member states, the efforts of artists to stand out in their innovativeness and intention to follow technological tendencies and show that the computer can also be used as a medium for creating art are undeniable. By working with computers, artists experimented with algorithms, coding and visualization of data, thus creating a new, unique approach to art, but also a new way of communicating with the audience. In doing so, they paved the way for a later understanding of computer art and its further development.</p>
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<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>References:</strong><br>Art Practice in a Digital Culture, chapter <em>The Garden of Hybrid Delights,</em> Gordana Novaković <br>Internet i umetnost na prostoru Srbije 1996-2013 – Odlike umetničkih diskursa na polju Interneta u Srbiji, Vera Mevorah <br><a href="http://www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/</a><br><a href="https://rex.fondb92.org/sr/naslovna.1.188.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.rex.fondb92.org/sr/naslovna.1.188.html</a><br><a href="https://digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/hr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/hr</a></p>



<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>Hero ilustration:</strong> Vilko Žiljak</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/the-relationship-between-computers-and-artists-in-the-former-yugoslavia/">The relationship between computers and artists in the former Yugoslavia</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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