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	<title>miša savić Arhive - Oblakoder</title>
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	<title>miša savić Arhive - Oblakoder</title>
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		<title>Odnos računara i umetnika na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije</title>
		<link>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/odnos-racunara-i-umetnika-na-prostorima-bivse-jugoslavije/</link>
					<comments>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/odnos-racunara-i-umetnika-na-prostorima-bivse-jugoslavije/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marija Todorović]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Sep 2023 11:55:12 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IT History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ASCII]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gordana novaković]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[it history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[jugoslavija]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[KC REX]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[miša savić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[net.art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nove tendencije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tomislav mikulić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[umetnost]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vilko žiljak]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vlatko čerić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vuk ćosić]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/?p=91544</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Kako je pojava računara menjala umetničku scenu na našim prostorima</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/odnos-racunara-i-umetnika-na-prostorima-bivse-jugoslavije/">Odnos računara i umetnika na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
]]></description>
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<p>Vizuelni umetnici na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije nakon pojave kompjutera počinju da istražuju nove umetničke prakse. Sa razvojem računara i širenjem njihove dostupnosti, pojavljuju se centri u kojima umetnici u okviru različiith kurseva, zajedno sa informatičarima, počinju da uče i usavršavaju upotrebu kompjutera kako bi stvorili umetnička dela. Autori rane digitalne umetnosti retko su bili bili obrazovani umetnici, već naučnici ili inženjeri. U ranoj digitalnoj umetnosti, osim pristupa opremi, izazov je predstavljalo i znanje u oblasti &#8211; tada nisu postojali komercijalni programi za obradu slike i zvuka, koji su se pojavili tek sredinom 1980-ih. Radovi su uglavnom nastajali u slobodno vreme umetnika, van njihovih redovnih poslova. Danas su takvi multimedijalni programi izrazito lako dostupni, a poneki i besplatni ili otvorenog koda, koji korisnici mogu slobodno menjati, te je izrazito teško zamisliti kako je izgledalo stvarnje digitalne umetnosti od šezdesetih godina dvadesetog veka do početka novog milenijuma.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Nove tendencije</em> – prvi pokušaj mapiranja primene digitalnih tehnologija u umetnosti u Hrvatskoj od 1968. do 1984.</strong></h2>



<p>U Zagrebu je 3. avgusta 1968. godine otvorena izložba kompjutera i vizualnih istraživanja, kao početak međunarodne manifestacije <em>Tendencije 4</em> (1968–1969), gde su prvi put izloženi digitalni radovi hrvatskih umetnika. Među istaknutijim imenima našli su se Vladimir Bonačić, Vlatko Čerić i Vilko Žiljak, koji su po struci bili fizičari, Andrija Mutnjaković i Velimir Neidhardt &#8211; arhitekte koji su upotrebljavali digitalne tehnologije u arhitekturi i urbanizmu 1960-ih i 1970-ih, dok su Tomislav Mikulić i Miljenko Horvat među retkima koji su bili umetnički obrazovani.</p>
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<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/tendencije-4-1969-plakat_dizajn-Ivan-Picelj-97-x-495-cm.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-93978" width="763" height="1497"/></figure></div>
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<h6 class="ticss-aa6b8185 wp-block-heading">Tendencije 4,&nbsp;1969., plakat, dizajn Ivan Picelj</h6>



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<p>Prvi umetnički digitalni radovi nastajali su, uglavnom, u institucijama, s obzirom na to da su tamo bili dostupni i prvi računari, pre nego što je krenula lična upotreba računara koji su, kasnije, bili dostupni i za ličnu upotrebu. Ovaj problem uvideli su organizatori <em>Novih tendencija, </em>pa je tadašnja nagrada za sekciju izložbe <em>Kompjuteri i vizualna istraživanja</em> 1969. godine, bila mogućnost da umetnici koriste kompjuter u Zagrebu kako bi stvorili umetničko delo, kao i organizacija i produkcija kreiranog rada. Tek od 1972. digitalna tehnologija je dostupna i široj javnosti u Multimedijskom centru Referalnog centra Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (MMC).</p>



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<p>Vremenom, centar je uspeo da omogući pristup HP2000E <em>time-sharing</em> računaru, zahvaljujući naporima inženjera Branimira Makanca. Ovim je omogućeno informatičko obrazovanje profesora i učenika srednjih škola i omogućen je rad na daljinu putem modema i telefonskog signala, a svi zainteresovani mogli su da dođu u MMC svakog radnog dana od 8 do 20 sati i da koriste računar besplatno. U MMC su, osim inženjera i zainteresovanih polaznika koji su se bavili softverom i hardverom, počeli da dolaze i da se interesuju i umetnici i kreativci među kojima su likovni umetnik Tomislav Mikulić, koji je tu stvorio prve digitalne animacije u Hrvatskoj, multimedijalni umetnik Vladimir Petek, informatičar Goran Premec, koji je 1980-ih razvio niz digitalnih multimedijalnih sistema kojima su se koristili umetnici i koji je jedan od 5 autora koji su učestvovali u projektu <em><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Katedrala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Katedrala</a></em>, koji nije prezentovao umetničke objekte nego je bio jedan od prvih interaktivnih računarski generisanih prostora u svetu, koji je održan u Galeriji PM u Zagrebu 1988. godine. U MMC-u je inženjer elektrotehnike Damir Boras prema idejama arhitekte Velimira Neidhardta iz Urbanističkog instituta Hrvatske 1977. razvio URBAN, prvi računarski jezik za potrebe urbanističkog i prostornog planiranja u Hrvatskoj.</p>



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<p>U periodu od 1968. do 1984, digitalne tehnologije su se ubrzano menjale, računarska oprema je međusobno bila nekompatibilna, a razni adapteri nedostupni, pa su autori pravili i tehnički izvodili hibridne sisteme.</p>



<p>U doba <em>mainframe</em> računara slike su se prikazivale na malom monohromnom ekranu osciloskopa. Krajem 1960-ih Vladimir Bonačić svoje je prve vizualne radove napravio osciloskopom. Osciloskop je omogućio prikaz vektorskih crteža, dakle crteža linijom, a ne slika koje nastaju pikselima. Osim prikaza na osciloskopu, vektorski su se crteži digitalnim tehnologijama mogli trajno ispisati ploterima. Fotografije ili slike s polutonovima (digitalno sačinjene od piksela) mogle su se ispisati preko linijskih pisača, pisaćih strojeva spojenih na računare, no na specifičan i ograničen način. Linijskim pisačima su domišljati kreativci ispisivali slike slovima, tzv. ASCII slikama: polutonovi digitalno obrađenih fotografija ili računarski generisanih slika ispisani su odabranim slovom ili simbolom s linijskog pisača. Tom tehnologijom služili su se u svojim prvim digitalnim slikama početkom 1970-ih Vilko Žiljak i Vlatko Čerić.</p>



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<h6 class="ticss-a3c764d4 wp-block-heading">Vilko Žiljak</h6>



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<h6 class="ticss-a3c764d4 wp-block-heading">Vlatko Čerić</h6>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Kompjuterska umetnost</em>&nbsp;– prva izložba računarske umetnosti u Srbiji</strong></h2>



<p><em>Kompjuterska umetnost</em> je verovatno prva grupna izložba te vrste na ovim prostorima posle „Novih tendencija“, i otvorena je u maju 1991. godine u galeriji ULUS. Na izložbi su predstavljeni radovi nastali tokom osamdesetih godina i sve je postavljeno pomoću sopstvene opreme umetnika. Izložba je sadržala različite pristupe kompjuterskoj tehnologiji, koncerte kompjuterske muzike uživo i različite događaje sa autorima iz Slovenije i Srbije. Cilj je, po rečima umetnice Gordane Novaković koja je bila jedna od organizatorki izložbe, bio da računar bude predstavljen kao umetnički alat i medij. Ubrzo je osnovana i jugoslovenska <em>Asocijacija umetnika elektronskih medija</em> (AUEM), u čijem osnivanju je učestvovalo osamnaest umetnika. Nakon samo mesec dana, počeo je rat i raspad Jugoslavije i, samim tim, Asocijacija nikada nije zaživela. Većina osnivača AUEM su danas akademici među kojima su i dr Miško Šuvaković, profesor Čedomir Vasić i profesor Vladan Radovanović, koji su, kroz svoju umetničku praksu i teoriju, nastavili da doprinose oblasti kompjuterske umetnosti.</p>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Miša Savić, Glas Anđela (1991)</h6>



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<p>Miša Savić, Glas anđela, audio-vizuelni rad iz oblasti kompjuterske grafike i zvučne sinteze, odnosno, sonifikacije, predstavljen na izložbi Kompjuterska umetnost u okviru stalne postavke. Kako se navodi u katalogu: „odnos između slike i zvuka ostvaren je prema načelu da boje na freskama odgovaraju muzičkim intervalima. Kao vizuelni predložak initialis korišćena je freska „Anđeo na grobu Hristovom“ („Beli Anđeo“).“</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Kratka istorija elektronske umetnosti – </em>simpozijum koji je 1998. okupio vodeće digitalne umetnike sa prostora Jugoslavije</strong></h2>



<p>Sa ciljem da se inicira osnivanje nacionalne kolekcije i arhive jugoslovenske novomedijske prakse, u junu 1998. godine u Kulturnom centru Rex u Beogradu, umetnici Miroslav Miša Savić i Gordana Novaković su organizovali simpozijum pod nazivom „Kratka istorija elektronske umetnosti“ koji je okupio vodeće digitalne umetnike sa ovih prostora. Na simpozijum su pozvani svi osnivači pomenute AUEM asocijacije sa ciljem da predstave svoje ranije, ali i trenutne radove. Prvi deo naslova simpozijuma ukazivao je na potrebu da se otpočne program istorijskog istraživanja u ovoj oblasti. Nažalost, usled ratnih sukoba koji ni tada nisu jenjavali, tadašnja situacija u Srbiji i regionu nije pružala uslove za dalji razvoj ove inicijative.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>NET.ART- </em>razvoj novog umetničkog pokreta<em>&nbsp;</em></strong></h2>



<p><em>net.art</em> je umetnički pokret koji se razvio 1994. godine. Ono što je za njega karakteristično je da su umetnici koristili isključivo Internet kao medijum za stvaranje umetničkog rada i da je njegova produkcija jedino moguća putem Interneta. Neki od pinora ove umetničke prakse su kolektiv Jodi.org, Aleksej Šulgin, Olija Lijalina, Hit Bunting, Danijel Garsija Anduhar, Rejčel Bejker, ali među njima i slovenački umetnik Vuk Ćosić.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić Bang</h6>
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<p>Ćosić je posebnu pažnju posvetio mogućnostima ASCII koda (američki standardni kod za razmenu informacija) i pretvarao slike, filmove, pa čak i zvukove u ovaj računarski kod. Napravio je sopstveni softver za pretvaranje piksela iz nepokretnih i pokretnih slika u ASCII, eksperimentisao je i sa zvukom i pokretima kamere koji se transkribuju kroz ASCII. U svom radu neretko je kao inspiraciju koristio poznata dela pop kulture, kao što je Vorholova Kembelova supa, kao i cele scene iz filmova kao što su Hičkokov psiho i kultni porno film iz 1972. <em>Duboko grlo</em> koje je reinterpretirao kroz ASCII kod.</p>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić Psychodada</h6>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić Raging Bull</h6>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić War in YU</h6>



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<p>Svoje projekte je razvijao i u okviru umetničke grupe <em>ASCII Art Ensamble </em>zajedno sa Valterom van der Krujzenom i Lukom Frelihom. Jedan od zajedničkih projekata ove grupe bila je serija video snimaka odabranih kultnih filmova predstavljenih u ASCII kodu, koji su nosili naziv <em>ASCII History of Moving Images</em>.</p>



<p>Ćosić danas živi u Ljubljani, gde je i dalje aktivan u istraživanju ukrštanja umetnosti i tehnologije. Suosnivač je <a href="https://wiki.ljudmila.org/Naslovnica" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ljudmile</a>, laboratorije za digitalne medije otvorenog pristupa koja ima za cilj da poveže umetnike i nevladine organizacije sa novim medijima i tehnologijom. Ljudmila, takođe, vodi platformu otvorenog koda za distribuciju besplatnog umetničkog i kulturnog sadržaja.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Rex</em> – glavno uporište digitalnih umetnika tokom devedesetih</strong></h2>



<p>Kulturni centar Rex je tokom devedesetih godina bio važno uporište za različite kreativce. Bio je opremljen računarima, kojima su mogli da se služe svi posetioci potpuno besplatno bez ikakvih obaveza. Tako je započela digitalna era u ovom prostoru kroz koji su prošli različiti umetnici koji su počeli da svoja dela stvaraju uz pomoć računara.</p>



<p>Prvi radioničarski opus u okviru ovog prostora se zvao <em>Demo scena</em>. Iako tada imanje sajta još uvek nije bila razvijena praksa, Reks je imao svoj, gde je kačio radove i novosti sa ovog kursa. U oktobru 1998. godine otvorena je digitalna laboratorija u Rexu – Cyberex u okviru kog su postojali različiti programi među kojima su istaknutiji program Update i Cyber škola u okviru kojih su bili različiti kursevi i kraći seminari gde su polaznici učili kako se koriste određeni programi. U okviru Rex-a isticiala se i grupa <em>Corrosion</em>, koja se pretežno bavila audio i video sadržajem i držala različite radionice na tu temu i iz koje je kasnije proizišao kolektiv Kosmoplovci.</p>



<p>Mala i velika Cyber škola &#8211; mladi YU vizuelni umetnici su edukativni programi organizovani tokom 2000. kao dvonedeljni seminari za sticanje osnovnih znanja o računarima, Internetu i kreiranju web prezentacija za umetnike, art menadžere, studente Univerziteta umetnosti, članove različitih nevladinih organizacija i kraći seminari (3-5 dana) koji su onima koji poseduju osnovna znanja omogućavali dalje unapređivanje i aktivnije korišćenje i primenu novih medija (npr. Photoshop, Dreamweaver, HTML, REALaudio, Streaming media, Macromedia Flash, Linux). Ovi seminari imali su svoj nastavak u realizaciji konkretnog projekta grupe koja ih je pohađala.</p>
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<p>Rex je 2000. godine izbačen iz prostora i zaplenjena je cela oprema i tokom te godine sve što se dešavalo je postojalo samo online. Naredne, 2001. godine, vratili su prostor i većinski deo opreme, a Rex je krenuo da radi kao kulturni centar.</p>



<p>Društveno politička dešavanja su u velikoj meri usmeravala pravac kretanja umetničkog stvarlaštva na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije, posebno tokom devedesetih godina, kada je došlo i do raspada bivše države. Ipak, nezanemarljivi su napori umetnika da se, uprkos aktuelnim dešavanjima i sukobima između država, istaknu u svojoj inovativnosti i nameri da isprate tehnološke tendenicije i pokažu da računar može biti korišćen i kao medij za kreiranje umetnosti. Kroz rad sa kompjuterima, umetnici su eksperimentisali sa algoritmima, kodiranjem i vizuelizacijom podataka, čime su stvarali novi&nbsp; jedinstven pristup umetnosti, ali i nov način komunikacije sa publikom. Time su velikoj meri, utabali put za kasnije razumevanje računarske umetnosti i njeno dalje razvijanje.</p>
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<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>Reference:</strong><br>Art Practice in a Digital Culture, poglavlje The Garden of Hybrid Delights, Gordana Novaković <br>Internet i umetnost na prostoru Srbije 1996-2013 – Odlike umetničkih diskursa na polju Interneta u Srbiji, Vera Mevorah <br><a href="http://www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/</a> <br><a href="https://rex.fondb92.org/sr/naslovna.1.188.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rex.fondb92.org/sr/naslovna.1.188.html</a> <br><a href="https://digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/hr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/hr</a> </p>



<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>Naslovna ilustracija:</strong> Vilko Žiljak</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/odnos-racunara-i-umetnika-na-prostorima-bivse-jugoslavije/">Odnos računara i umetnika na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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		<title>Kako su računari otvorili nove horizonte muzičkog stvaralaštva u Jugoslaviji</title>
		<link>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/kako-su-racunari-otvorili-nove-horizonte-muzickog-stvaralastva-u-jugoslaviji/</link>
					<comments>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/kako-su-racunari-otvorili-nove-horizonte-muzickog-stvaralastva-u-jugoslaviji/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marija Todorović]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Sep 2023 11:54:07 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IT History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[elektronska muzika]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[it history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[jugoslavija]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kompjuterska muzika]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[marjan šijanec]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[miša savić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[muzika]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[synthi 100]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vladan radovanović]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/?p=91537</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Od prve računarske kompozicije do začetaka eletkronske muzike</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/kako-su-racunari-otvorili-nove-horizonte-muzickog-stvaralastva-u-jugoslaviji/">Kako su računari otvorili nove horizonte muzičkog stvaralaštva u Jugoslaviji</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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<p>Uticaj računara na muziku u Jugoslaviji bio je značajan, posebno krajem 20. veka kada su kompjuteri postali dostupniji sve većem broju građana, ne samo onima koji su se izrazito interesovali, ili čak bavili elektrotehnikom i informatikom. Upotreba računara uticala je na&nbsp;različite aspekte muzičke produkcije, kompozicije, izvođenja i distribucije u Jugoslaviji. Ipak, ono što je posebno zanimljivo jeste pojava takozvane <em>kompjuterske muzike</em> koja je u celosti nastajala putem računara.</p>



<p>Iako je u SFRJ proizvodnja računara bila na zavidnom nivou, prve muzičke kompozicije su nastajale na hibridnom sistemu bez računara i to u Elektronskom studiju III programa Radio Beograda, koji je nastao 1972. godine. Sredinom osamdesetih dolazi do značajnijeg prodora kućnih računara u domaću kompozitorsku praksu, digitalizuje se Elektronski studio III programa, a 1986. godine na inicijativu profesora Srđana Hofmana i Zorana Erića, otvara se i novi, potpuno digitalni Tonski studio FMU,&nbsp; koji je istovremeno bio i elektronski i snimateljski studio, i u kojem stvara sve više, uglavnom mladih, kompozitora.</p>
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<p>Stvaranje muzike putem računara ili pak putem hibridinih formi koje kombinuju i analogno i digitalno, može se široko posmatrati, pa tako uticaj računara možemo videti i kroz pravac sint muzike i mnogobrojnih izvođača koji su u periodu osamdesetih bili inspirisani pojavom računara. Samo neki od primera su, recimo, kaver grupe Data za njihov vinil <em>Neka Ti Se Dese Prave Stvari / Ne Zovi To Ljubavlju</em> na kom se nalazi fotografija računara ili kroz direktne reference kao što je pesma <em>Program tvog kompjutera</em> pop sint grupe Denis Denis. Računarska era u Jugoslaviji imala je svoj snažan uticaj i na popularnu muziku, pa su tako elektronski sintisajzeri postali sve prisutniji u pop i rok muzici, donoseći novu dimenziju zvuka i ritma. Grupa Bijelo dugme je jedan od primera najpopularnih bendova koji su eksperimentisali sa elektronskim zvucima i sintetizatorima.</p>
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<p>Ipak, posebno interesantno je stvaralaštvo određenih umetnika koji su otišli korak dalje u istraživanju dometa računara i muzike. Oni su koristili računarske programe i sintisajzere kako bi istražili nove zvučne mogućnosti i kreirali kompleksne kompozicije. Njihova muzika je često bila apstraktna, eksperimentalna i bazirana na tehnološkim eksploracijama. Među njima se svakako izdvajaju umetnici Vladan Radovanović, Marjan Šijanec i Miroslav Miša Savić, koji su među pionirima kompjuterske muzike na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Vladan Radovanović – kreator prve računarske kompozicije u Jugoslaviji</strong></h2>



<p>Multimedijalni umetnik Vladan Radovanović bio je aktivan od kraja pedesetih godina XX veka na polju muzike, slikarstva, književnosti, i novih medija. Centralno mesto u njegovom stvarlaštvu zauzima interesovanje za sintezu umetnosti i autor je preko 250 teorijskih tekstova o muzici i novim tendencijama u umetnosti.</p>



<p>Vladan je kreator prve računarske kompozicije „Kompjutorije” koja je nastala 1976. godine u Utrehtu. Za njeno stvaranje korišćen je kompjuter PDP-15/20, a kao softver muzički programski jezik POD6 zasnovan na Poasonovoj distribuciji verovatnoće, koji posreduje između mašinskog jezika i kompozitora. Kompozicija je realizovana tako da je autor na osnovu „mape tendencija” koju je „zadavao” računaru, dobijao kao rezultat slučajne vrednosti u određenom opsegu, od kojih je nakon generisanja formirao konačni muzički tok.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vladan Radnovanović</h6>
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<p>Kao još jedno od Radovanovićevih značajnih dela ističe se kompozicija <em>Undina</em> nastala 1985. godine kao porudžbina festivala <em>Talking back to Media</em> iz Amsterdama. Javno je izvedena u okviru Bemus-a, 8. oktobra, na Kolarčevom narodnom univerzitetu, na koncertu Elektronskog studija. Za razliku od tradicionalnog hibridnog povezivanja hardvera, u kojem digitalni segment, kao upravljački, kontroliše analogni sintetizer, u slučaju Undine, oba uređaja su upotrebljena kao izvori zvuka. Audio signali analognog (Synthi 100) i digitalnog (Yamaha DX 7) sintetizera su generisani u realnom vremenu, tako što je autor, bez upotrebe sekvencera, odsvirao svaku deonicu posebno i nasnimio na višekanalnu traku.<br>Kompozicija <em>Timbral</em>&nbsp;nastala 1987. godine je još jedno do Radovanovićevih značajnijih dela i nastala je 1987. po porudžbini MAFILM-a iz Budimpešte. Kao i prethodno, i ovo ostvarenje je delom realizovano digitalnom, a delom analognom opremom, zbog razlike u opremljenosti dva studija – beogradskog i budimpeštanskog.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vladan Radnovanović Undina</h6>



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<p>Radovanović je rukovodio Elektronskim studijom u Beogradu od 1972. do 1999. godine. Dobitnik je velikog broja nagrada, u periodu od 2001. do 2011. je bio profesor po pozivu na Univerzitetu umetnosti u Beogradu (Grupa za višemedijsku umetnost) i bio je član Udruženja kompozitora Srbije i Udruženja likovnih umetnika Srbije. Preminuo je u 91. godini života.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Marjan Šijanec – doprinos daljem razvoju računarske muzike</strong></h2>



<p>Pored Radovanovića, stvaralaštvo slovenačkog kompozitora i dirigenta Marjana Šijaneca obeležilo je drugu polovinu osamdesetih godina u Elektronskom studiju III programa Radio Beograda. Imajući u vidu broj računarskih centara u zemlji, bilo je logično očekivati da će u nekom od njih biti mesta i za muzička i zvučna istraživanja. Jedan od retkih (možda i jedini) kompozitor kojem se pružila takva prilika bio je upravo Šijanec, koji je svoje programersko umeće usavršavao u institutu Boris Kidrič u Ljubljani, kao i u institutu u Vinči.</p>



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<p>U periodu između nabavke hardvera i komercijalnog softvera u Elektroskom studiju III programa RB, Šijanec je napisao sopstveni program, kojim je realizovao kompozicije <em>Muzika vatre</em> i<em> Saturnalije II</em> (1988). Rad na <em>Muzici vatre</em> Šijanec je započeo još 1985. godine, razvijajući najpre konceptualno, a zatim i algoritamski, ideju o automatski generisanoj muzici za elektronski studio, gde bi svi moduli koji učestvuju u „izgradnji“ zvuka bili podređeni instrukcijama računara. Prvi „primer“ takvog tretmana studija se može pronaći u ostvarenju <em>Paralelni svetovi</em> (1986) u kojem je autor inspirisan slikama Gordane Novaković, kako kaže, ceo dan improvizovao u studiju, tako što bi preludirao na klaviru ili drugom instrumentu, otkrivajući mogućnosti upravljanja modulima u realnom vremenu.</p>



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<p>Šijanec je u narednim decenijama nastavio da se bavi muzičkim stvaralaštvom, kako u Sloveniji, tako i u inostranstvu. Dobitnik je mnogobrojnih nagrada, njegove kompozicije često su opisivane kao postmodernistička dela koja pripadaju informatičkoj eri, a mnogi ga danas smatraju jednim od pionira kompjuterske muzike na teritoriji bivše Jugoslavije.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Miroslav Miša Savić – Začetak trenda digitalne manipulacije zvukom</strong></h2>



<p>Kako je osamdesetih došlo do ekspanzije upotrebe ličnih računara, a kako je i sam dosta stvarao u okviru Elektronskog studija III programa Radio Beograda, kompozitor Miša Savić, počeo je u svoje stvaralaštvo da uključuje računar. Savić je bio deo grupe MGM, koju su pored njega činili Gordana Novaković i Marjan Šijanec. Tokom devedesetih godina, značajne su njegove saradnje sa Gordanom Novaković sa kojom je izveo nekoliko zajedničkih novomedijskih ostvarenja poznatih pod zbirnim nazivom <em>Košulja srećnog čoveka</em> (1992-1998). Na grupnoj izložbi <em>Kompjuterska umetnost</em> prikazana su dva Savićeva rada <em>– Šest pogleda na jedno i Glas Anđela, </em>koji je posebno zanimljiv, jer je u njemu prikazana digitalizovani prikaz freske <em>Anđeo na grobu Hristovom. </em>Ovim radom, umetnik ukazuje vrlo rano na predstojeći trend digitalne manipulacije, koji će ubrzo kulumnirati pojavom interneta.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Miša Savić, Glas Anđela (1991) predstavljen na izložbi Kompjuterska umetnost</h6>



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<p>Savić je nastavio da bude aktivan na polju multimedijalne umetnosti. Organizovao je i niz izložbi, predavanja, festivala, snimanja i publikovanja ploča, kaseta, knjiga i kataloga, uglavnom u vezi sa minimalnom muzikom. Od 2009. godine radi kao profesor kompjuterske muzike na Novoj akademiji umetnosti, a od 2003. do 2020. predavao je niz predmeta na Odseku za muzičku produkciju u Muzičkoj školi Kosta Manojlović u Zemunu.</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Festival <em>Lična muzika</em> – ispitivanja odnosa između kompozitora i računara</strong></h2>



<p>Od 1. do 5. juna 1987. godine, tadašnji urednik muzičkog programa Studentskog kulturnog centra a i naš poznati kompozitor Miša Savić, organizovao je manifestaciju pod nazivom <em>Lična muzika – I jugoslovenski festival kompjuterske muzike.</em> Po svemu sudeći, iako je u pitanju bio jugoslovenski festival, na njemu je učestvovalo malo autora sa naših prostora, ali to nije umanjilo značajan doprinos ove manifestacije. Na ovom izdanju izvedena je i Savićeva kompozicija <em>Mala lična muzika</em>, koja spaja svet računara i klasične muzike aludirajući na „lično“ u „ličnim računarima“ (Personal Computer) i na Mocartovu <em>Malu noćnu muziku.</em> Ovim je istaknuta pozicija ličnih/personalnih računara kao pogodnih uređaja za stvaranje muzike, ali i naročita „privatnost“ takvog stvaralaštva koje nastaje u intimnoj/kućnoj atmosferi, u odnosu između kompozitora i virtuelnog studija.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://www.discogs.com/release/5146561-Vladan-Radovanovi%C4%87-Fonoverzum-Phonoverse" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vladan Radovanović&nbsp;–&nbsp;Fonoverzum (Phonoverse)</a>, album na kom se nalazi kompozicija Kompjutorija</h6>



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<p>Tokom trajanja festivala izvedene su i Šijanecove kompozicije među kojima se <em>izdvajaju Random toccata (1987), Flautijada (1987</em>), Đorđe Ilijin je predstavio ostvarenje <em>Metamorfoze</em> (1987<em>), </em>ajedno veče festivala bilo je posvećeno prvoj jugoslovenskoj računarskoj kompoziciji –<em> Kompjutoriji</em> Vladana Radovanovića. Značajno je pomenuti i (nenajavljeno u programu) učešće članova beogradske impro-grupe Institut, Fraparege i Papa Nik-a koji su priredili muzički performans sa računarom, u kojem su izvodili muziku uz pomoć dva džojstika vezana za PC sa perkusivnim softverom i igračkom, malenim ozvučenim patkom koji je proizvodio digitalne zvuke svojim kljunom dok je tražio vlati trave u tanjiru sa vodom.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Muzika u Srbiji</em> – poslednje izdanje festivala posvećeno elektroakustičkoj muzici</strong></h2>



<p>Manifestacija <em>Kompjuterska umetnost</em> posvećena likovnoj i muzičkoj upotrebi računara u Srbiji trajala je od 8. do 23. maja 1991. godine, u galeriji ULUS-a u Beogradu, dok se na nju nadovezao trodnevni festival <em>Muzika u Srbiji – elektroakustička muzika</em> održan u Bitef teatru, čiji je početak bio 23. maja.</p>



<p>Iako se ponekad dešavalo da se se organizuje poneki koncert elektroakustičkog žanra i na ranijim festivalima, prema rečima selektora Vladana Radovanovića „sazrelo je vreme da se i ceo festival po prvi put posveti stvaranju na ovom polju.” Prvi događaj organizovao je Predrag Šiđanin iz Novog Sada i uključivao je pored stalne postavke vizuelnih radova i instalacija, premijerna koncertna izvođenja dela domaćih stvaralaca iz Beograda i Novog Sada. Odabrana su dela Vladimira Tošića, Slobodana Atanackovića, Ludmile Frajt, Miroslava Savića, Arsenija Jovanovića, Josipa Kalĉića, Borisa Despota, Dušana Radića, Ivane Stefanović. Milice Paranosić, Zorana Erića, Vladimira Jovanovića. Marjana Šijaneca, Katarine Miljković, Miloša Petrovića, Zorana Hristića i Srđana Hofmana koja su emitovana ili samo sa trake ili u kombinaciji reprodukcije i živog izvođenja.Festival <em>Muzika u Srbiji</em> je nakon svojih četrnaest izdanja i različiith oscilacija po pitanju finansija i organizacije prestao da postoji, a njegovo poslednje izdanje je održano upravo 1991. godine.</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Eksperimentisanje sa elektronikom – od devedesetih do danas</strong></h2>



<p>Od devedesetih do danas širi se pojam eksperimentisanja sa elektronikom, kompjuteri i programi za dizajn zvuka postaju deo muzičke industrije te sve više kompjuteri postaju sastavni deo stvaranja muzike – koja je danas nezamisliva bez njih. U Srbiji i regionalnim državama koje su pripadale Jugoslaviji postoje festivali specijalizovani za elektronski muziku, kao i brojna mesta, a ovakva vrsta muzike postala je mejnstrim, pa tremin „kompjuterska muzika“ možda gubi staro značenje. Danas, pak, kada govorimo o uticaju računara na celu muzičku industriju možemo videti na koji način je njegova pojava definisala ne samo stvaralaštvo već i način slušanja muzike i celu produkciju. Muziku smo najpre mogli da čujemo isključivo uživo na različitim manifestacijama, da bi potom bila dostupna za šire mase putem nosača zvuka. Danas pak, u najvećoj meri muziku konzumiramo putem računara i mobilnih telefona, iako i dalje postoje pasionirani ljubitelji vinila ili čak CD-ova i kaseta, koji svoju muziku izdaju i u tom obliku.</p>



<p>Interent i digitalna tehnologija su postali sveprisutni, mnoge generacije sada i ne poznaju svet bez računara i njihove široke upotrebe. Ipak, ne zaboravimo da računari nisu bili široko dostupni niti naše znanje o njima. U doba Jugoslavije, retki su oni koji su, ispred svog vremena, uvideli moć računara i njegovu ulogu u umetnosti i kreiranju iste. Kompjuteri su doneli nove tehnike, alate i mogućnosti koje su proširile horizonte muzičara i omogućile im da izraze svoju kreativnost na jedinstven način. Njihov uticaj je ostavio trajan pečat na jugoslovensku muzičku scenu, doprinoseći razvoju novih pristupa, žanrova i eksperimentalnih izraza.</p>



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<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>Reference:</strong><br><a href="https://composers.rs/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Istorijat-festivala-Muzika-u-Srbiji.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.composers.rs/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Istorijat-festivala-Muzika-u-Srbiji.pdf</a><br><a href="https://insam-institute.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/5.-INSAM-Journal-Milan-Milojkovi%C4%87-Procesualnost-39-55.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Procesualnost u ostvarenjima Miroslava Miše Savića, Milan Milojković, 2018.</a><br>Digitalna tehnologija u srpskom umetničkom muzičkom stvaralaštvu (1972-2019), Milan Milojković, 2017.<br><a href="https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/476196/Programski-jezici-i-note" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/476196/Programski-jezici-i-note</a></p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/kako-su-racunari-otvorili-nove-horizonte-muzickog-stvaralastva-u-jugoslaviji/">Kako su računari otvorili nove horizonte muzičkog stvaralaštva u Jugoslaviji</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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		<title>The relationship between computers and artists in the former Yugoslavia</title>
		<link>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/the-relationship-between-computers-and-artists-in-the-former-yugoslavia/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marija Todorović]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Sep 2023 11:50:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IT History ENG]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ASCII]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[computer art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[digital art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gordana novaković]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[it history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[miša savić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[new tendencies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tomislav mikulić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vilko žiljak]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vlatko čerić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vuk ćosić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[yugoslavia]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>How the advent of computers changed the art scene in the region</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/the-relationship-between-computers-and-artists-in-the-former-yugoslavia/">The relationship between computers and artists in the former Yugoslavia</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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<p>After the advent of computers, visual artists in the former Yugoslavia began to explore new artistic practices. With the development of computers and the expansion of their availability, centers emerged where artists, alongside computer scientists, began to learn and perfect the use of computers to create works of art in various courses. The authors of early digital art were rarely educated artists, they were scientists or engineers. In early digital art, in addition to accessing equipment, the challenge was acquiring the knowledge in this field – there were no commercial image and sound manipulation programs, they appeared in the mid-1980s. The works were mostly created in the artist&#8217;s free time, outside of their regular jobs. Today, such multimedia programs are very easily accessible, and some are free or open source, which means that users can freely edit them, and it is extremely difficult to imagine what the creation of digital art looked like from the 1960s to the beginning of the new millennium.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>New tendencies – the first attempt to map the application of digital technologies in art in Croatia from 1968 to 1984</strong></h2>



<p>On August 3, 1968, an exhibition of computers and visual research was opened in Zagreb, as the beginning of the international event Tendencies 4 (1968–1969), where digital works of Croatian artists were exhibited for the first time. Among the most prominent names were Vladimir Bonačić, Vlatko Čerić and Vilko Žiljak, who were physicists by profession, Andrija Mutnjaković and Velimir Neidhardt – architects who used digital technologies in architecture and urbanism in the 1960s and 1970s, while Tomislav Mikulić and Miljenko Horvat were among the few who were artistically educated.</p>
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<h6 class="ticss-7c56e45e wp-block-heading">Tendencije 4,&nbsp;1969., poster, design Ivan Picelj</h6>



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<p>The first digital artworks were created, mostly, in institutions, since the first computers were available there, before the personal use of computers began, when they became available at home. This problem was recognized by the organizers of New Tendencies, so the award for the Computers and Visual Research section of the exhibition in 1969 was the possibility for artists to use a computer in Zagreb to create a work of art, as well as the organization and production of the created work. It wasn’t until 1972 that digital technology became available to the general public in the Multimedia Center of the Referral Center of the University of Zagreb (MMC).</p>



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<p>Over time, the center was able to provide access to the HP2000E time-sharing computer, thanks to the efforts of engineer Branimir Makanec. This enabled IT education of teachers and high school students as well as remote work via modems and telephone signals, and all the interested parties could come to MMC every working day from 8 am to 8 pm and use the computer free of charge. In addition to engineers and interested students who worked with software and hardware, MMC began to attract artists and creatives, including the visual artist Tomislav Mikulić, who created the first digital animations in Croatia, multimedia artist Vladimir Petek, computer scientist Goran Premec. The latter developed a series of digital multimedia systems used by artists in the 1980s and was one of the 5 authors who participated in <a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_Katedrala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Cathedral project</a> held in the PM Gallery in Zagreb in 1988, which did not present any works of art but was one of the first interactive computer-generated spaces in the world. At MMC, electrical engineer Damir Boras, according to the ideas of architect Velimir Neidhardt from the Urban Planning Institute of Croatia, developed URBAN, the first computer language for urban and spatial planning in Croatia, in 1977.</p>



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<p>In the period from 1968 to 1984, digital technologies were rapidly changing, computer equipment was mutually incompatible, and various adapters were unavailable, so the authors designed and produced hybrid systems.</p>



<p>In the age of mainframe computers, images were displayed on a small monochrome screen of an oscilloscope. In the late 1960s, Vladimir Bonačić created his first visual works using an oscilloscope. The oscilloscope made it possible to display vector drawings, i.e. drawings using lines, rather than images created by pixels. In addition to the display on the oscilloscope, vector drawings could be permanently printed using digital technologies and plotters. Photos or images with halftones (digitally made of pixels) could be printed via line printers, typewriters connected to computers, but in a specific and limited way. Line printers were used by ingenious creatives to print images with letters, the so-called ASCII images: halftones of digitally processed photographs or computer-generated images were printed with a selected letter or symbol from a line printer. This technology was used by Vilko Žiljak and Vlatko Čerić in their first digital images in the early 1970s.</p>



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<h6 class="ticss-de407b60 wp-block-heading">Vilko Žiljak</h6>



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<h6 class="ticss-de407b60 wp-block-heading">Vlatko Čerić</h6>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Computer Art – the first computer art exhibition in Serbia</strong></h2>



<p>Computer Art is probably the first group exhibition of its kind in the region after &#8220;New Tendencies&#8221;, and was opened in May 1991 at the ULUS Gallery. The exhibition presented works created during the 1980s and everything was set up using the artists’ own equipment. The exhibition featured different approaches to computer technology, live computer music concerts and various events with artists from Slovenia and Serbia. The goal, according to the artist Gordana Novaković, who was one of the organizers of the exhibition, was to present the computer as an artistic tool and medium. Soon the Yugoslav Association of Electronic Media Artists (AUEM) was founded, in which eighteen artists participated. After only a month, the war and breakup of Yugoslavia began and, therefore, the Association never really took off. Most of the founders of AUEM are academics today, including Dr. Miško Suvaković, Professor Čedomir Vasić and Professor Vladan Radovanović, who, through their artistic practice and theory, continued to contribute to the field of computer art.</p>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Miša Savić, The Voice of an Angel (1991)</h6>



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<p id="tw-target-text">Miša Savić, The Voice of an Angel, an audio-visual work in the field of computer graphics and sound synthesis, that is, sonification, presented at the Computer Art exhibition as part of the permanent exhibition. As stated in the catalog: &#8220;the relationship between image and sound was realized according to the principle that the colors on the frescoes correspond to musical intervals.&#8221; The fresco &#8220;Angel at the Tomb of Christ&#8221; („Beli Anđeo“) was used as a visual template for the initialis.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>A short history of electronic art – a symposium that brought together leading digital artists from Yugoslavia in 1998</strong></h2>



<p>With the aim to initiate the establishment of the national collection and archive of Yugoslav new media practice, in June 1998 at the Cultural Center Rex in Belgrade, artists Miroslav Miša Savić and Gordana Novaković organized a symposium entitled &#8220;A Brief History of Electronic Art&#8221; which brought together leading digital artists from the region. All the founders of the aforementioned AUEM association were invited to the symposium with the aim of presenting their earlier, but also their current works. The first part of the title of the symposium indicated the need to start a program of historical research in this field. Unfortunately, due to the war conflicts that did not subside even then, the situation in Serbia and the region at the time did not provide conditions for further development of this initiative.</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>NET. ART – the development of a new artistic movement</strong></h2>



<p>net.art is an art movement that developed in 1994. The distinctive characteristic of this movement was that artists exclusively used the Internet as a medium for creating artistic work and that its production was only possible via the Internet. Some of the pioneers of this artistic practice are the collective Jodi.org, Alexei Shulgin, Olia Lialina, Heath Bunting, Daniel Garcia Andujar, Rachel Baker, as well as the Slovenian artist Vuk Ćosić.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić Bang</h6>
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<p>Ćosić paid special attention to the possibilities of ASCII code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and converted images, movies and even sounds into this computer code. He created his own software to convert pixels from stationary and moving images into ASCII, experimenting with both sound and camera movements transcribed through ASCII. In his work, he often used famous pop culture works, such as Warhol&#8217;s Campbell Soup, as well as entire scenes from films such as Hitchcock&#8217;s Psycho and the cult porn film from 1972, Deep throat, that he reinterpreted through ASCII code.</p>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić Psychodada</h6>
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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vuk Ćosić War in YU</h6>



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<p>He also developed his projects within the ASCII Art Ensamble art group together with Walter van der Cruijsen and Luka Frelih. One of the group&#8217;s joint projects was a series of videos of selected cult films presented in the ASCII code, which were titled ASCII History of Moving Images.</p>



<p>Today, Ćosić lives in Ljubljana, where he is still active in exploring the intersection of art and technology. He co-founded <a href="https://wiki.ljudmila.org/Naslovnica" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ljudmila</a>, an open access digital media lab that aims to connect artists and NGOs with new media and technology. Ljudmila also runs an open source platform for the distribution of free artistic and cultural content.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Rex – the mainstay of digital artists during the 1990s</strong></h2>



<p>During the 1990s, the Rex cultural center was an important place for various creatives. It was equipped with computers, which could be used by all visitors completely free of charge without any obligation. Thus began the digital era in this space that saw various fledgling artists create their first works with the help of computers.</p>



<p>The first workshop opus in this space was dubbed the Demo scene. Although having a website was far from common at the time, Rex had its own, where they posted works and news from this course. In October 1998, a digital laboratory was opened in Rex – Cyberex, within which there were various programs, including the more prominent Update and Cyber School programs, which included various courses and short seminars where participants learned how to use certain programs. Within Rex, the group Corrosion stood out, which mainly dealt with audio and video content and held various workshops on the subject and from which the “Kosmoplovci” collective later emerged.</p>



<p>Little and Big Cyber School – Young YU Visual Artists were educational programs organized during the year 2000 as two-week seminars for acquiring basic knowledge of computers, the Internet and creating web presentations for artists, art managers, students of the University of Arts, members of various Non-governmental organizations, as well as short seminars (3-5 days) that enabled those who possess basic knowledge to further improve and actively use and apply new media (e.g. Photoshop, Dreamweaver, HTML, REALaudio, Streaming media, Macromedia Flash, Linux). These seminars had their continuation in the realization of a specific project of the group that attended them.</p>
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<p>In 2000, Rex was evicted and all the equipment was confiscated. During that year, all the events existed only online. The following year, in 2001, they returned to the premises and recovered most of the equipment, and Rex started working as a cultural center.</p>



<p>Sociopolitical events largely directed artistic creation in the former Yugoslavia, especially during the 1990s, when the country collapsed. Despite the events at the time and conflicts between member states, the efforts of artists to stand out in their innovativeness and intention to follow technological tendencies and show that the computer can also be used as a medium for creating art are undeniable. By working with computers, artists experimented with algorithms, coding and visualization of data, thus creating a new, unique approach to art, but also a new way of communicating with the audience. In doing so, they paved the way for a later understanding of computer art and its further development.</p>
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<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>References:</strong><br>Art Practice in a Digital Culture, chapter <em>The Garden of Hybrid Delights,</em> Gordana Novaković <br>Internet i umetnost na prostoru Srbije 1996-2013 – Odlike umetničkih diskursa na polju Interneta u Srbiji, Vera Mevorah <br><a href="http://www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/</a><br><a href="https://rex.fondb92.org/sr/naslovna.1.188.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.rex.fondb92.org/sr/naslovna.1.188.html</a><br><a href="https://digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/hr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.digitalna-umjetnost-u-hrvatskoj.eu/hr</a></p>



<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>Hero ilustration:</strong> Vilko Žiljak</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/the-relationship-between-computers-and-artists-in-the-former-yugoslavia/">The relationship between computers and artists in the former Yugoslavia</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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		<title>How computers opened a whole new world of possibilities for musicians in Yugoslavia</title>
		<link>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/how-computers-opened-a-whole-new-world-of-possibilities-for-musicians-in-yugoslavia/</link>
					<comments>https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/how-computers-opened-a-whole-new-world-of-possibilities-for-musicians-in-yugoslavia/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Marija Todorović]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Sep 2023 11:49:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[IT History ENG]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[computer music]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[electronic music]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[it history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[marjan šijanec]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[miša savić]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[music]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[synthi 100]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vladan radovanović]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[yugoslavia]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/?p=91660</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>From the first computer composition to the inception of electronic music</p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/how-computers-opened-a-whole-new-world-of-possibilities-for-musicians-in-yugoslavia/">How computers opened a whole new world of possibilities for musicians in Yugoslavia</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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<p>Computers had a significant impact on Yugoslav music, especially towards the end of the 20th century. This was a period in time when computers became available to an increasing number of citizens, rather than just the ones who were particularly interested or employed in the fields of electrical engineering and IT. The use of computers influenced different aspects of the production, composition, performance and distribution of music in Yugoslavia. Particularly interesting was the emergence of the so called computer music, which was created in entirety using a computer.</p>



<p>Although the production of computers in SFRY was at an enviable level, the first musical compositions were created using a hybrid system with no computers in the Electronic Studio III of Radio Belgrade (Elektronski studio III programa Radio Beograda), which was founded in 1972. During the mid-1980s, there was a significant increase in computer use in the domestic composer scene, Electronic Studio III underwent digitalization, and, in 1986, at the initiative of professors Srđan Hofman and Zoran Erić, Recording Studio FMU (Tonski studio FMU), a brand new, entirely digital studio was founded. This was an electronic recording studio and an ever-increasing number of young composers used it during their creative process.</p>
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<p>The creation of music using computers or hybrid forms which combine analog and digital technologies can be studied from many angles, and as such the influence of computers can be seen in the synth genre and numerous performers who were inspired by computers during the 80s. Just some of the examples include the record sleeve the band Data used for their single “Neka Ti Se Dese Prave Stvari/Ne Zovi To Ljubavlju” (May The Right Things Happen To You / Don’t Call it Love) which featured the photograph or a computer, or direct references such as the song “Program tvog kompjutera“ (A Program of Your Computer) by the synth-pop band Denis &amp; Denis. The computer era in Yugoslavia had a significant influence on popular music, so electronic sound synthesizers became increasingly present in pop and rock music, creating an entirely new dimension of rhythm and sound. The band “Bijelo dugme” is one of the most popular bands that experimented with electronic sounds and synthesizers.</p>
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<p>What is particularly interesting, however, is the work of certain artists who went one step further while exploring the field of computers and music. They used computer programs and synthesizers to explore new musical possibilities and create complex compositions. Their music was frequently abstract, experimental and based on the exploration of technology. Particularly notable are the artists Vladan Radovanović, Marjan Šijanec and Miroslav Miša Savić, who are some of the pioneers of computer music in former Yugoslavia.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Vladan Radovanović – the creator of the first computer composition in Yugoslavia</strong></h2>



<p>Multimedia artist Vladan Radovanović was active in the fields of music, painting, literature, and new media since the end of the 1950s. Radovanović’s interest for the synthesis of arts was central in his creative process and he has authored over 250 theoretical works on music and new tendencies in art.</p>



<p>Vladan created the first computer composition named “Kompjutorija” (Computoria) in Utrecht, in 1976. POD, the audio programming language based on the Poisson distribution, was used for its creation. The composition was created in the following manner: the composer would input a “tendency map” into a computer, and as a result he would get accidental values within a certain range, which he later used to create a final musical flow.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Vladan Radnovanović</h6>
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<p>The composition “Undina” (Undine), which was commissioned by the Amsterdam festival Talking back to media in 1985, is another significant piece by Radovanović. It was publicly performed on October 8 during an Electronic Studio concert, which was held at the Kolarac People&#8217;s University as a part of the BEMUS festival. Unlike the traditional hybrid implementation of hardware where a digital segment is used to control an analog synthesizer, in the case of “Undina”, both devices were used as a source of sound. The audio signals of the analog (Synthi 100) and digital (Yamaha DX 7) synthesizers were generated in real time as the author played each section separately and recorded them on a multichannel tape without the use of a sequencer. The composition “Timbral” is another one of Radovanović’s significant pieces and it was commissioned in 1987 by the MAFILM studio from Budapest. Like the previous piece, this one was also created using both digital and analog equipment, as the Belgrade and Budapest studios did not possess the same type of equipment.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Vladan Radnovanović Undina</strong></h6>



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<p>Radovanović was the Head of the Belgrade Electronic Studio during the 1972-1999 period. He has received numerous awards. During the 2001-2011 period he worked as a visiting professor at the University of Arts in Belgrade (Group for Polymedia art). He was also a member of The Composers’ Association of Serbia and The Association of Fine Artists of Serbia. He passed away at the age of 91.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Marjan Šijanec – Contribution to the further development of computer music</strong></h2>



<p>Next to Radovanović, it was the work of Slovenian composer and conductor Marjan Šijanec that left a mark on the second half of the 80s at Radio Belgrade’s Electronic Studio III. Given the number of computing centers in the country, it was logical to expect that some of them would also take part in the exploration of music and sound. One of the few (and quite possibly the only) composer who got the chance to do just that was Šijanec, who studied programming at the Boris Kidrič Institute in Ljubljana and at an Institute in Vinča.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Marjan Šijanec</h6>
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<p>In the period between the procurement of hardware and commercial software at Radio Belgrade’s Electronic Studio III, Šijanec wrote a program which he used to compose “Muzika vatre” (Fire Music) and “Saturnalije II” (Saturnalia II) (1988). Šijanec began working on “Muzika vatre” in 1985 when he developed the idea of automatically generated music for an electronic studio, conceptually at first and algorithmically later on, where all modules participating in the “construction” of sound would be controlled by a computer. The first “example” of such treatment of a studio can be found in the work “Paralelni Svetovi” (Parallel Worlds) (1986), when the author, inspired by paintings of Gordana Novaković, as he says, spent the entire day improvising in the studio, by preluding on a piano or a different instrument, discovering the possibilities for managing modules in real time.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Paralelni svetovi Marjan Šijanec</h6>
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<p>In the following decades, Šijanec continued to create music, both in Slovenia and abroad. Šijanec has won numerous awards and his compositions have often been described as postmodernist pieces belonging to the IT era. Today, many consider him one of the pioneers of computer music on the territory of former Yugoslavia.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Miroslav Miša Savić – The beginning of the digital audio manipulation trend</strong></h2>



<p>With the increasing use of personal computers during the 80s, and considering the fact that he himself was frequently involved in the creative process at Radio Belgrade’s Electronic Studio III, the composer Miša Savić started including computers in his work. Along with Gordana Novaković and Marjan Šijanec, Savić was a member of the MGM group. Some of Savić’s significant works during the 90s were his collaborations with Gordana Novaković, with whom he performed several collaborative new media productions collectively known as “Košulja srećnog čoveka” (Lucky Man’s Shirt) (1992-1998). Two of Savić’s works were a part of the group exhibition Computer Art (Kompjuterska umetnost) – “Šest pogleda na jedno” (Six Views on The Same Thing) and “Glas anđela” (The Voice of an Angel), which is particularly interesting, as it shows a digitalized depiction of the fresco “Anđeo na grobu Hristovom” (The Angel on The Grave of Christ). With this piece, the artist brings attention to the trend of digital manipulation, which would soon culminate with the inception of the internet.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading">Miša Savić, The Voice of an Angel (1991) shown in the group exhibition Computer Art</h6>
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<p>Savić remained active in the field of multimedia art. He has organized a series of exhibitions, lectures, and festivals, as well as the creation and publishing of records, cassettes, books and catalogues, mostly in relation to minimal music. Since 2009, he has been employed as the professor of computer music at the New Academy of Arts. During the 2003-2020 period, he has taught numerous subjects at the Department of Music Production at the Music School “Kosta Manojlović” in Zemun.</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Festival Personal Music (Lična muzika) – Exploring the relationship between composers and computers</strong></h2>



<p>From June 1 to June 5, 1987, Miša Savić, our famous composer and the editor of the music program at the Student Cultural Center, organized a festival called Personal Music – The First Yugoslav Festival of Computer Music (Lična muzika – I jugoslovenski festival kompjuterske muzike). Apparently, even though it was a Yugoslav festival, few authors from our region took part in it, but that did not diminish the significant contribution of this event. During this event, Savić’s composition “Mala lična muzika” (A Little Personal Music) was performed. This composition married the world of the computers and classical music, alluding to the “personal” part of “personal computers” and Mozart’s composition “A Little Night Music”. This highlighted the position of personal computers as devices suitable for the creation of music, but also the particular “privacy” of such a creative process where works are created in an intimate/home atmosphere, in the relationship between the composer and the virtual studio.</p>



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<h6 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://www.discogs.com/release/5146561-Vladan-Radovanovi%C4%87-Fonoverzum-Phonoverse" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vladan Radovanović&nbsp;–&nbsp; Phonoverse (</a><a href="https://www.discogs.com/release/5146561-Vladan-Radovanovi%C4%87-Fonoverzum-Phonoverse" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fonoverzum</a>)<strong>, album with the composition Kompjutorija</strong></h6>
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<p>During the festival, Šijanec&#8217;s compositions were also performed, notably “Random toccata” (1987), “Flautijada” (Flautiada) (1987), Đorđe Ilijin presented the piece “Metamorfoze” (Metamorphoses) (1987), and one evening of the festival was dedicated to the first Yugoslav computer composition &#8211; Kompjutorija by Vladan Radovanović. It is also important to mention the participation of the Belgrade improv group “Institut” formed by the artists Fraparega and Papa Nik (which was not announced in the program), who staged a musical performance with a computer during which they performed music using two joysticks connected to the PC with an installed percussive software and a small duck toy that made digital sounds with its bill as it tried to pick up grass in a plate of water.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Music in Serbia (Muzika u Srbiji) – The last festival dedicated to electroacoustic music</strong></h2>



<p>The event Computer Art dedicated to visual and musical use of computers was held between May 8 and 23, 1991 at the ULUS gallery in Belgrade and it was followed by the three-day festival Music in Serbia – Electroacoustic Music (Muzika u Srbiji – elektroakustička muzika) held at the BITEF Theater beginning on May 23.</p>



<p>While some electroacoustic concerts were occasionally held at previous festivals, according to the selector Vladan Radovanović, “the time has come for the first festival entirely devoted to this genre.” The first event was organized by Predrag Šiđanin from Novi Sad and, in addition to the permanent exhibition of visual pieces and installations, the event included premiere concert performances of pieces composed by local artists from Belgrade and Novi Sad. The pieces selected belonged to composers Vladimir Tošić, Slobodan Atanacković, Ludmila Frajt, Miroslav Savić, Arsenije Jovanović, Josip Kalčić, Boris Despot, Dušan Radić, Ivana Stefanović, Milica Paranosić, Zoran Erić, Vladimir Jovanović, Marjan Šijanec, Katarina Miljković, Miloš Petrović, Zoran Hristić and Srđan Hofman, which were performed either by simply playing a recording or by playing a recording in combination with a live performance. The festival Music in Serbia ended after 14 iterations and various changes in finances and organization. The final festival was held in 1991.</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Experimenting with electronics – From the 1990s to the present days</strong></h2>



<p>From the 1990s to the present day, the concept of experimenting with electronics has expanded, computers and programs for sound design have become a part of the music industry, and computers are increasingly becoming an integral part of the creation of music – the exclusion of computers from this process is inconceivable nowadays. In Serbia and the countries of the region which were once a part of Yugoslavia, there are festivals and numerous venues specialized in electronic music and this kind of music has become mainstream, so the term &#8220;computer music&#8221; is perhaps losing its initial meaning. Still, when discussing the impact computers had on the entire music industry, we can see how the emergence of computers defined not only the creation of music, but also the way we listen to it, as well as the entire process of music production. At first, we could only listen to music at various live performances, only for it to soon become available to the general population via sound carriers. Today, however, we mostly consume music using computers and mobile phones, although many passionate fans of records or even CDs and cassette tapes still exist and release their music in those forms as well.</p>



<p>Internet and digital technology have become omnipresent and many generations are now completely unfamiliar with a world without computers and their widespread use. However, we must not forget that computers were not always widely available, nor were we always as knowledgeable about them. In Yugoslavia, the ones who were ahead of their time and saw the potential of the computer and its role in the field of art were few and far in between. Computers brought new techniques, tools and possibilities that have expanded the horizons of musicians and allowed them to express their creativity in a unique way. Their influence left a lasting mark on the Yugoslav music scene, contributing to the development of new approaches, genres and experimental expressions.</p>



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<p class="has-small-font-size"><strong>References:</strong><br><a href="https://composers.rs/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Istorijat-festivala-Muzika-u-Srbiji.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.composers.rs/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Istorijat-festivala-Muzika-u-Srbiji.pdf</a> <br><a href="https://insam-institute.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/5.-INSAM-Journal-Milan-Milojkovi%C4%87-Procesualnost-39-55.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Procesualnost u ostvarenjima Miroslava Miše Savića, Milan Milojković, 2018.</a> <br>Digitalna tehnologija u srpskom umetničkom muzičkom stvaralaštvu (1972-2019), Milan Milojković, 2017.<br><a href="https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/476196/Programski-jezici-i-note" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/476196/Programski-jezici-i-note</a></p>
<p>Članak <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs/how-computers-opened-a-whole-new-world-of-possibilities-for-musicians-in-yugoslavia/">How computers opened a whole new world of possibilities for musicians in Yugoslavia</a> se pojavljuje prvo na <a href="https://www.oblakodermagazin.rs">Oblakoder</a>.</p>
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